Chapter11.2.

👉The table of contents so far is here.

Chapter 11: Planned Economy and Corporate Forms

11.2. Self-Managed enterprise

Sectors other than environmentally-burdened industries subject to sustainable planned economies shall be left to the free market. However, even though it is called a free economy, it does not presuppose a monetary economy; thus, it is “free” in the sense that it is not a monetary exchange economy and is not subject to the discipline of economic planning.

Production activities in the free economy, which are not subject to the planned economy, are carried out by private enterprises. In this respect, it should be noted that this differs from the Soviet-style socialist system, which did not tolerate the existence of private enterprises in their pure form.

A private enterprise means that it can be freely established, its activities are not bound by economic plans, and are free as long as it complies with relevant laws and regulations. However, when we say private enterprises, they are of course not joint-stock corporations, but private enterprises unique to communist societies.

First, "unique to communist societies" means that they are non-profit enterprises, rather than for-profit enterprises that aim to distribute profits like joint-stock corporations. Second, they are self-managed enterprises where labor and management are integrated, unlike joint-stock corporations where management and labor are separated and managers direct workers to engage in production activities. Instead, the workers themselves, who engage in production activities, autonomously manage the enterprises.

This type of enterprise form is more like a cooperative than a company, and the legal name for such communist private enterprises is a "production cooperative." While the name overlaps with the production cooperative envisioned by Marx, they differ in that while Marx's production cooperative was positioned as the operating entities of a planned economy, production cooperative here is free private enterprise that operates outside of the planned economy.

Thus, the core of production activity under the communist mode of production is two-pronged: a production business organization that serves as public enterprise and the subject of the planned economy (establishment must be approved), and a production cooperative that serves as private enterprise in the free economy (establishment must be registered). In terms of size, the former is large enterprise, and the latter is small and medium-sized enterprise. 

However, there can be a intermediate private corporate form with internal structures similar to socially owned enterprise, because of its large scale which makes it difficult to literally implement self-management. Conversely, there can be a cooperative labor group specialized for micro-enterprise that are smaller than a production cooperative. The legal names and internal structures of these modified corporate forms will be discussed in detail later.

👉The papers published on this blog are meant to expand upon my On Communism.

Chapter 11.1.

👉The table of contents so far is here.

PART 3: PRODUCTION, LABOR, AND CONSUMPTION UNDER A SUSTAINABLE PLANNED ECONOMY

Chapter 11: Planned Economy and Corporate Forms

11.1. Socially owned enterprise

In modern times, major production activities are carried out systematically and continuously through enterprises that aggregate labor and material resources. This remains true in planned economies, but the corporate form is determined by the mode of production.

Under the capitalist mode of production, the typical corporate form is the joint-stock company, which can easily raise investment funds from the private sector. On the other hand, under the socialist mode of production based on the Soviet-style administratively planned economy, the typical corporate form is the state-owned enterprise, which is directly invested in and operated by the state.

In contrast, under the communist mode of production, which is based on a joint economic plan formulated autonomously by production enterprises, the typical corporate form is a public enterprise, neither a joint-stock company nor a state-owned enterprise.

In this regard, Marx defined a communist society as "a society consisting of cooperatives of free and equal producers acting consciously according to a rational joint plan."

According to this definition, production activities in the communist society envisioned by Marx would be carried out through a corporate form called production cooperatives. In fact, Marx's planned economy was envisioned as being based on the joint planning of such cooperative enterprises.

However, this definition and conception seem a little too idealistic. Large-scale, intensive production activities are required in today's core industrial sectors, and in order to implement a planned economy that incorporates environmental sustainability, it is considered essential to utilize corporate entities larger than cooperatives in sectors with high environmental burden to which a planned economy is applied.

If we were to design a production enterprise that corresponds to the production activities of core industrial sectors while utilizing Marx's concept, a form such as joint production cooperative could be envisioned, but such a joint enterprise would raise concerns about integrated governance and would remain merely a model.

As a more realistic corporate form, a communist public enterprise can be defined as a socially owned enterprise, in that it is owned neither by investor shareholders like in a joint-stock company nor by the state like in a state-owned enterprise, but rather belong to society as a social commons. Here, we will refer to their legal name as "production business organization."

The fields in which these production business organizations produce are limited to sectors with high environmental burden to which the planned economy applies. In other words, the operating bodies of the planned economy are production business organization, which are socially owned enterprise. 

👉The papers published on this blog are meant to expand upon my On Communism.

Chapter 10.6.

👉The table of contents so far is here.

Chapter 10: Details of Economic Planning

10.6. Special Structure and Details of the pharmaceutical plans

Although drugs are included in the broad definition of food, due to their specific uses, they are not included in the broader local consumption plans and are produced and distributed based on the separate pharmaceutical plans. Because drugs often have universal global demand, pharmaceutical plans start from the World Commonwealth plan.

A distinction is made between basic drugs for which there is universal demand, specialty drugs for a small number of patients with intractable diseases, and endemic drugs for endemic diseases specific to specific regions.

Basic and specialty drugs are manufactured by the World Pharmaceutical Organization under the World Commonwealth under the World Commonwealth Plan and supplied equitably throughout the world, provided that their efficacy and safety are confirmed by the World Commonwealth Drug Regulatory Agency.

On the other hand, endemic drugs, based on the supply plan of the Grand-Zone where they are in demand (e.g., the Pan-African-South Atlantic Zone), are listed in the World Commonwealth plan and manufactured and supplied.

Furthermore, whenever an epidemic such as a pandemic or endemic occurs, vaccines for infectious diseases are manufactured and supplied in accordance with the World Commonwealth's emergency vaccine plan appropriate to the type of epidemic.

In contrast to drugs certified by the World commonwealth, drugs independently certified by the drug regulatory bodies of each Zone are manufactured and supplied by the pharmaceutical industry organization of each Zone in accordance with that Zone's pharmaceutical plan.

To that extent, the pharmaceutical plan is divided into the World Commonwealth plan and the Zonal plans. However, there is always the possibility that the efficacy and safety of a drug manufactured and supplied under a Zonal plan will also be certified by the World Commonwealth and that it will be newly listed as an item on the World Commonwealth Pharmaceutical plan.  *Conversely, there may be cases where the efficacy and safety of a drug manufactured and supplied under a Zonal plan is denied or banned by the World Commonwealth, or, although rare, there may be cases where the efficacy and safety of a drug manufactured and supplied under the World Commonwealth plan is denied or banned in a specific Zone.

This Zonal pharmaceutical plan does not cover all drugs, but is limited to drugs prescribed by doctors, and even within that, it is particularly narrowed to core drugs (equivalent to the basic drugs in the above category). The remaining drugs will be freely produced and supplied by pharmaceutical companies based on official approval review.

👉The papers published on this blog are meant to expand upon my On Communism.

Chapter 10.5.

👉The table of contents so far is here.

Chapter 10: Details of Economic Planning

10.5.  Structure and details of the broader local economic plans

The broader local economic plans, while linked to the Zonal economic plans, are economic plans primarily concerned with consumption. In that sense, they are the most special economic plans within the overall system of economic plans, with the world economic plan at its apex, as they relate to end-user demand. The core of such consumption plans is the supply plan for everyday consumer goods.

In this regard, consumption plans under sustainable economic plans involve the planned supply of consumer goods in quantities and qualities that are consistent with environmental sustainability, in response to anticipated demand calculated backward from the predetermined quantity and quality of waste.

Since such waste quantity and quality control must be formulated in each Zone based on global standards, waste control standards are set forth in the world economic plan and the Zonal economic plans, and the broader local economic plans are formulated based on those standards. To that extent, the broader local economic plans constitute a tertiary part of the overall system of sustainable economic plans.

The details of the plan include a supply plan for each category of core consumer goods, such as basic daily food items, electrical appliances, furnishings, and sanitary products that are essential to modern life. Among food items, agricultural and marine products are linked to Division B in the Zonal economic plan, and are therefore restricted by the Zonal economic plan.

In addition, electrical appliances and furnishings that are large and likely to become bulky waste will be supplied on a loan basis for reuse. The ratio of loaned items to donated items will be calculated based on waste standards.

Furthermore, the broader local economic plans will also include a supply plan for stockpiled consumer goods based primarily on surplus production in anticipation of disaster emergencies. While quantitative waste regulations do not apply to the supply of stockpiled consumer goods (qualitative standards do apply), it goes without saying that their release in normal times is prohibited.

👉The papers published on this blog are meant to expand upon my On Communism.

Chapter 10.4.

👉The table of contents so far is here.

Chapter 10: Details of Economic Planning

10.4. Structure and details of the Zonal economic plans

The zonal economic plans are secondary economic plans formulated for each Zone within the broad framework of the world economic plan, and are the core plans of the overall sustainable planned economy.

In classical economic planning, they are equivalent to the central economic plans of each country. However, it is important to note that they differ significantly from classical planned economies in that they are bound by the world economic plan and the Zones that formulate them are not exclusive sovereign states.

In relation to the latter, in the Joint-Zones, where multiple Zones are loosely united with the primary purpose of formulating economic plans collaboratively, economic plans are formulated not for each of the constituent Zones, but for the Joint-Zones as a whole.

The details of Zonal economic plans, including such joint economic plans, are similar to those of the world economic plan, and therefore essentially follow those of the world economic plan, beginning with the energy plan and followed by detailed production plan (Division A). Similarly, the details are classified according to the industry that places a burden on the main elements of the global environment: air, soil, water resources, or biological resources.

However, with regard to the energy plans, the details of each Zone's economic plan are diversified in that any energy sources that cannot be produced within the Zone will be comprehensively supplied through the World Natural Resources Organization, and similarly, any products that cannot be produced within the Zone will be cooperatively supplied from other Zones.

Another important point is that the economic plan for the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sector (Division B) is formulated separately as a detailed item of the Zonal economic plan. Because the world economic plan does not include plans for the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sector, which has large variations due to differences in Zonal ecosystems and eating habits, the Zonal economic plan will serve as the primary economic plan for this sector, with detailed items presented for each sector: agriculture, forestry, and fisheries.

Furthermore, as with the world economic plan, the environmental guidelines that form the basis for the overall outline of the economic plan will be clearly stated in a separate table. These guidelines are basically condensed versions of the guidelines set out in the world economic plan, but if stricter guidelines are set than those in the world economic plan, they will need to be described in detail.

The pharmaceutical plan (Division C), the third pillar of the Zonal economic plan, has a unique structure due to the nature of pharmaceutical products, and will be described again in the final section of this chapter.

👉The papers published on this blog are meant to expand upon my On Communism.

Chapter 10.3.

👉The table of contents so far is here.

Chapter 10: Details of Economic Planning

10.3. Structure and details of the world economic plan

The three-year world economic plan, which forms the core of a sustainable planned economy, is a global plan for the entire world, and serves as the standard for economic plans in each of the Zones that make up the World Commonwealth. As such, it is also a template for the plans of each Zone.

However, since the world economic plan is more of a cap indicating the upper limit of production activity in each Zone rather than a production target, its description is general and can be thought of as a kind of introduction to the economic plans of each Zone.

As for its structure, first an overview is presented at the beginning that gives an overall picture of the three-year plan. This is the introduction to each detail of the plan, and at the same time it also serves as a summary of the three-year plan.

Next, the energy plan is presented. This is the foundation for realizing a sustainable planned energy supply with the aim of correcting excessive energy consumption, which is a major cause of environmental destruction. It can be said to be a major part of the world economic plan.

The central point is the plan for the supply of renewable energy, but it should be noted that the supply of fossil fuels will not be eliminated. Fossil fuels will not be eliminated altogether, but will be supplied in a planned and reduced manner to supplement renewable energy. In that respect, it is the opposite of the energy composition in a capitalist economy.

Next are the details of the production plan. Here, as we saw last time, the essence of a sustainable planned economy is that industries are classified not by industry type, but by which of the major elements of the global environment they place a burden on.

In other words, the classification criteria are air-burden industries, soil-burden industries, water-resource-burden industries, and biological-resource-burden industries. Comprehensive burdening industries that span multiple elements are classified in an overlapping manner.

The details of this production plan are the specifics of the world planned economy. In formulating the plan, the regional planning volumes for each of the five Grand-Zones in the World Commonwealth will be taken into account, but production plans will not be divided among the five Zones to avoid a scramble for each other's volumes.

👉The papers published on this blog are meant to expand upon my On Communism.

Chapter 10.2.

👉The table of contents so far is here.

Chapter 10: Details of Economic Planning

10.2. Industrial classification and production targets 

In formulating an economic plan, it is important to have an industrial classification that serves as a framework for subdividing the plan, since it is required to specify numerically the industrial classification and the production targets for each item for the planning period.

The industrial classification from primary to tertiary by the British economist Colin Clark is well known. This classification was proposed as an instrumental concept to explain economic development from the primary industry centered on agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, through the secondary industry centered on industry, to the tertiary industry centered on intangible services.

The Clark Industrial Classification itself is a very crude classification and does not constitute a framework for a planned economy, but in a sustainable planned economy, the economic plan for the primary industry (Division A) is to be formulated separately from other economic plans.

Incidentally, NAICS (North American Industry Classification System), an standard industry classification system jointly developed by the United States, Canada, and Mexico, uses a six-digit code to classify each industry: the first two digits designate the largest business sector; the third digit represents the subsector; the fourth digit represents the industry group; the fifth digit represents  the NAICS industries, and the sixth digit represents the national industries.

However, the standard industrial classification is also an economic statistical classification, which includes culture-related businesses, health and welfare-related businesses, and other free-production sectors that are outside the Sustainable Economy Plan, so it cannot be used directly as a framework in a planned economy. However, it has validity in economic statistical analysis that includes the free production area.

While these industry classifications are classifications for the purpose of classification itself, the industry classification in a planned economy is a standard classification framework for specifying the specific goals of planned production in a more dynamic manner.

In this regard, the input-output table by Vasily Leontief was originally a newly devised table inspired by the reproduction table formula devised by Marx to analyze the smooth process of reproduction and distribution of capital, but its purpose of use is to analyze the input/output in actual production and distribution activities. The purpose of its use is to analyze the inputs/outputs of real production and distribution activities.

Since such input-output forecasting is an indispensable process in setting production targets for each planning period, the input-output table will be of great use in a sustainable planned economy.

The Marxian reproduction formula of production sector I and consumption sector II was applied in Soviet economic planning to separate the two major sectors, and industrialization was strongly promoted with an emphasis on sector I. 

In our sustainable planned economy, however, the emphasis is not placed on either Production Goods Sector I or Consumption Goods Sector II, but rather economic planning for general consumption goods was separated from the general economic planning for the whole Zone, and is formulated as a consumption plan for each local area.

In addition, a separate, prerequisite plan for energy, which is the source of power for all production activities, would be formulated as an energy plan.

The industrial classification that will serve as a detailed framework for the development of the general economic plan should reflect the greatest emphasis on environmental sustainability in particular, and should be classified in terms of which industries add the main burden to air, soil, water, and biological resources.

The classification would not be based simply on the type of product, such as machinery, metal, or chemical industries, but would be based on a detailed environmental scientific analysis of the production activities of each industry, and would be organized into major categories based on the environmental load, such as air-loading, soil-loading, water-loading, and biological resource-loading industries. 

In this regard, industries that emit a large amount of greenhouse gases in the production process or their products, which is currently the primary focus, will be classified as air-loading industries, and the largest number of industries will be in this category. There may also be overlapping classifications.

The industrial classification that will serve as a subdivision framework for formulating general economic plans could be based on whether the industry places the main burden on the air, soil, water resources, or biological resources, reflecting the fact that the greatest emphasis is placed on environmental sustainability.

In that case, rather than simply classifying industries according to the type of production, such as machinery, metals, chemicals, etc., industries would be organized under major classifications based on the target of environmental burden, such as air-burden industries, soil-burden industries, water resource-burden industries, and biological resource-burden industries, based on a detailed environmental scientific analysis of the production activities of each industry.

In this regard, industries whose production processes or products emit large amounts of greenhouse gases, which are the current focus of attention, would be classified as air-burden industries, and this would likely be the largest category of industries. There may also be industries that are classified in overlapping categories.

👉The papers published on this blog are meant to expand upon my On Communism.